I.      PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY

A.          Maps

B.           Scale and measurement distances, areas                    reduction and enlargement, directions,                    bearings and gradients with reference to                   topographical maps.

C.           Map          reading   and         interpretation;

drawing of cross profiles, recognition of intervisibility, recognition and description of physical and human features and relationship as depicted on topographical maps.

D.          Interpretation of statistical data; maps and diagrams

Candidates should be able to:

A ( i.) define and identify different types and uses                 of maps

B( i.)   apply the different types of scale to                distances and area measurement;         ii.  apply the knowledge of scale to gradients,                 map reduction and enlargement;

C( i.) illustrate the relief of an area through profile                 drawing;

ii.   interpret physical and human features from                 topographical maps.

D (i.) Compute quantitative information from statistical data, diagrams and maps,

ii.  interpret statistical data, diagrams and maps.

E.           Elementary Surveying; chain and       prismatic, open and close traverse,      procedure, problems, advantages      and disadvantages.

F.           Geographic Information System (GIS):

components, techniques, data                                     sources, applications

 II.       PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

A        The earth as a planet

i.                 The earth in the solar system,                      rotation and revolution;           ii.       The shape and size of the earth          iii.       Latitudes and distances, longitudes                      and time;

B         The Earth Crust

i.                 The structure of the earth (internal                              and external) Relationships among the                 four spheres.

E( i.)  analyse the principle and procedure of each           technique;         ii.   compare the advantages of the two              techniques.

F (i.)  Understand GIS and its uses.       ii.  Understand the computer system of data             capturing and analysis     iii.  Express locations through the use of latitudes,             longitudes, zipcodes etc.

iv.              Understand land surveying, remote sensing,              map digitizing, map scanning as sources of              data.

v.                Explain areas of use: Defense, Agriculture,             Rural Development etc.

vi.              Identify problems with GIS in Nigeria.

Candidates should be able to:

A( i.) identify the relative positions of the planets                 in the solar system;          ii.    relate the effects of the rotation to the                   revolution of the earth;         iii.     provide proof for the shape and size of the                  earth;         iv.     differentiate between latitudes and                  longitudes;

v.     relate lines of latitude to calculation of                   distance;          vi       relate lines of  longitude to calculation of                   time;

B (i.}  compare the internal and external                   components of the earth.

ii.   understand the existing relationship among                  atmosphere, biosphere in terms of energy

ii.     Rocks: Types, characteristics, modes of                 formation and uses iii.   Earth’s movement: Tectonic forces iv.   Major Landforms: Mountains, Plateau,         Plains, Coastal landforms, karst         topography and desert landforms

C.        Volcanism and Earthquakes

i.   landforms associated with volcanic

activities         ii.  landforms of Igneous Rocks        iii.  origin and types of Volcanoes        iv.  some volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

D.       Denudation processes in the tropics

i.   weathering       ii.    erosion       iii.   mass movement       iv.   deposition

E.     Water Bodies

i.            Oceans and seas (world distribution,                 salinity and uses)

ii.          Ocean currents – types, distribution,  causes and effects;

iii.        Lakes – types, distribution and uses.

iv.         Rivers: Action of running water.

iii.             differentiate between major types of rocks and their characteristics;

iv.              analyse the processes of formation and the                  resultant features;

v.                indicate the uses of rocks.

vi.              differentiate between tensional and                  compressional forces and the resultant                  landforms.         vii.  identify and describe the major landforms.

C (i.) explain the processes of volcanic eruptions and           earthquakes    ii.  describe the different landforms associated with           both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

iii.   give examples of major volcanic eruptions and           earthquakes in the world.

D                i.  identify the agents of denudation     ii.  associate landforms with each process and            agent.

E                 i.  locate oceans and seas on the globe;         ii. examine the characteristics and uses of             oceans and seas;

iii.             classify the types of ocean currents;

iv.              account for the distribution of ocean              currents;

v.                evaluate the causes and effects of ocean             currents;       vi.  identify the types and location of lakes;       vii. indicate the characteristics and uses of lakes      viii. identify the landforms of the different stages               of a river course.

F.    Weather and Climate

i.     Concept of weather and climate       ii.    Elements of weather and climate      iii.    Factors controlling weather and climate               (pressure, air mass, altitude, continentality              and winds)

iv.      Classification of climate (Greek and Koppen).

v.        Major climate types (Koppen), their                characteristics and distribution.      vi.    Measuring and recording weather                parameters and instruments used.      vii.   The basic science of climate change.

G          Vegetation

i.                     Factors controlling growth of plants       ii.     The concept of vegetation e.g. plant               communities and succession      iii.      Major types of vegetation, their                 characteristics and distribution,      iv.      Impact of human activities on vegetation.

H          Soils

i.                     Definition and properties        ii.      Factors and processes of formation        iii.      Soil profiles

iv.     Major tropical types, their

characteristics, distribution and uses;         v.     Impact of human activities on soils.

F (i.)   differentiate between weather and climate;      ii.   differentiate between the elements of             weather and climate;     iii.   isolate the factors controlling weather and            climate;

iv.  compare Koppen’s and Greek’s classifications       v.  identify the major types of climate            to Koppen;     vii.  relate the weather instruments to their uses.

viii.  define climate change     ix.    understand the causes of climate change      x.    understand the effects and remedies of              climate change.

G                   ( i). trace the factors controlling the growth             of plants;       ii.   analyse the process of vegetation              development;      iii.   identify the types, their characteristics              and distribution;      iv.   assess the impact of human activities              on vegetation;

H                   ( i.)    classify soils and their properties;         ii.   isolate the factors of formation;         iii.   differentiate between the different types               of soil horizons and their characteristics;         iv.  compare the major tropical soil types and               uses of soils;

v.                   account for the distribution and uses of               soils;

vi.                 assess the impact of human activities                on soils.

I     Environmental Resources;

i.    Types of resources (atmospheric, land, soil, Vegetation and minerals)

ii.  The concept of renewable and non-                renewable resources;

J                      Environmental interaction:          i.   Land ecosystem         ii.   Environmental balance and human               interaction

K                   Environmental hazards:

i.            Natural hazards (droughts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding)

ii.          Man-induced (soil erosion, deforestation, pollution, flooding and desertification)

iii.        Effects, prevention and control of hazards.

L   Environmental Conservation

I                      (i.)    interpret the concept of environmental              resources;          ii.      relate environmental resources to their                    uses;         iii.       differentiate between the concepts of                      renewable and non-renewable resources.

J                      ( i.)      identify the components of land                      ecosystem;            ii.      establish the interrelationship within the                     ecosystem;           iii.      interpret the concept of environmental                      balance;           iv.     analyse the effects of human activities on                      land ecosystem.

K                   (i.)   identify the natural hazards and their causes;

ii.           relate the human-induced hazards to their causes;

iii.         locate the major areas where they are                  common and their effects;     iv.       recommend possible methods of              prevention and control.

L                    ( i.)     explain with examples environmental                  conservation         ii.    discuss the different methods of                  environmental conservation.        iii.    explain the need/importance of                environmental conservation

III.   HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

A.   Population

i.   World population with particular

reference to the Amazon Basin, N.E.

U.S.A., India, Japan and the West Coast of Southern Africa.

ii.          Characteristics – birth and death rates,                     ages/sex structure.

iii.        Factors and patterns of population                    distribution;         iv.      Factors and problems of population                    growth.

B     Settlement with particular reference to   Western Europe, the USA, Middle East      and West Africa:

i.      Types and patterns:  rural and urban,                   dispersed, nucleated and linear;        ii.       Rural settlement:  classification, factors of growth and functions;

iii.       Urban settlement – classification, factors                  of growth and functions.      iv.       Problems of urban centres

v.       Interrelationship between rural and urban                settlements.

C     Selected economic activities

i.      Types of economic activities: primary,           secondary, tertiary and quartnary; ii.    Agriculture: types, system, factors and          problems

iii.       Manufacturing       industries,       types,

locational factors, distribution and socioeconomic importance and problems of

Candidates should be able to:

A                   ( i.)    Define different concepts of population;        ii.     identify the characteristics of                 population (growth rates and structure);        iii.    determine the factors and the patterns of                  population distribution;      iv.        identify  the factors and problems of                    population growth;

v.                   relate the types of migration to their                    causes and effects;        vi.      account for the ways population constitute                    a resource.

B                    ( i.)    differentiate between types of                  settlements; (rural and urban)       ii.      classify the patterns and functions of                rural settlements; iii.     classify the patterns and functions of

urban settlements;       iv.    identify the problems of urban centres;

v.                   establish the interrelationship between rural                  and urban settlements;

C                    ( i.)     identify the types of economic activities;        ii.       differentiate between the types of                   economic activities;

iii.                 assess Agriculture as an economic                   activity;

iv.                 compare the types of manufacturing                   industries;

iv.                 Transportation and Communication types,                   roles in economic development and                    communication in tropical Africa.

v.                   World trade-factors and pattern of                    world trade, major commodities (origin,                    routes and destinations).

vi.                 Tourism: definition, importance,                   location, problems and solutions.

IV.  REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY 

A     Broad outline of Nigeria

i.      Location, position, size, political division          (states) and peoples; ii     Physical settings:  geology, relief,          landform, climate and drainage,          vegetation and soils; iii    Population: size, distribution, migration,

(types, problems and effects);

iv    Natural Resources:  types (minerals, soils,        water, vegetation, etc.) distribution, uses          and conservation.

vii.      give reasons for the problems of

industrialization in tropical Africa; viii.        differentiate between the types and means           of            transportation       and

communication; ix.     assess the economic importance of

transport;

x.        give reasons for the problems of

transportation in tropical Africa; xi.  relate the factors to the pattern of world trade. xii. classify the major commodities of trade

in terms of their origins, routes and destination.

xiii. analyse tourism as an economic activity.

Candidates should be able to:

A (i.)    describe the location, size and political               divisions of Nigeria;     ii.      identify the ethnic groups and their               distributions;      iii.     relate the components of physical settings to              their effects on human activities;      iv.    account for the pattern of population               distribution;

v.                   examine the types of migration, their               problems and effects;

vi.                 identify the types of natural resources              and their distribution;   vii.      indicate their uses and conservation;

B.    Economic and Human Geography:

i.        Agricultural Systems:  the major crops           produced, problems of agricultural           development in Nigeria.

ii.      Manufacturing Industries: factors of            location, types of products, marketing          and problems associated with           manufacturing; iii.    Transportation and Communication:

modes of transportation and            communication and their relative            advantages and disadvantages;

iv.    Trade: Regional and International                    Trade, advantages and disadvantages;         v.     Tourism: types, importance, problems                  and solutions.

C.  ECOWAS

i. Meaning and objectives ii. Member states iii. Advantages and benefits iv. Disadvantages, problems and solutions.

B (i.)     compare the farming systems practised in

Nigeria;    ii.       identify the crops produced and the problems               encountered;   iii.       identify the types and location of the major               manufacturing industries;

iv.           determine the factors of industrial location

and the problems associated with the industries;

v.             establish the          relationship           between transport and communication; vi.    relate the modes of transportation and communication    to            their        relative advantages and disadvantages;

vii.                classify the major commodities of  regional and international trade;

viii.              identify reasons for tourism and tourist centres;

ix.                 account for the problems and solutions

C ( i.)   State the meaning, purpose and objectives;       ii.   identify and locate the member countries;      iii.  evaluate the prospects and problems of the             organization.